Wine is an alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes. The natural chemical balance of grapes lets them ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, or other nutrients. Grape wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast. Yeast consumes the sugars in the grapes and converts them into alcohol. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different types of wine.

Wines made from other fruits, such as apples and berries, are normally named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, apple wine or elderberry wine) and are generically called fruit wine or country wine (not to be confused with the French term vin de pays). Others, such as barley wine and rice wine (i.e., sake), are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer and spirit more than wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these cases, the term "wine" refers to the higher alcohol content rather than the production process. The commercial use of the English word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions.

Wine has a rich history dating back thousands of years, with the earliest known production occurring around 8,000 years ago on the territory of modern-day Georgia. It first appeared in the Balkans at about 4500 BC and was very common in ancient Greece, Thrace and Rome. Wine has also played an important role in religion throughout history. The Greek god Dionysus and the Roman equivalent Bacchus represented wine, and the drink is also used in Christian Eucharist ceremonies and the Jewish Kiddush.

Etymology

The English word "wine" comes from the Proto-Germanic "*winam," an early borrowing from the Latin ''vinum'', "wine" or "(grape) vine," itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *win-o- (cf. Hittite: ''wiyana'', Lycian: ''Oino'', Ancient Greek '''' - ''oînos'', Aeolic Greek '''' - ''woinos'').

The earliest attested terms referring to wine are the Mycenaean Greek ''me-tu-wo ne-wo'' meaning "the month of new wine" or "festival of the new wine" and ''wo-no-wa-ti-si'' meaning "wine garden", written in Linear B inscriptions.

Although no clear evidence has been found of any linguistic connection, some scholars have noted the similarities between the words for wine in the Kartvelian (e.g. Georgian ღვინო ), Indo-European languages (e.g. Russian ''vino''), and Semitic (''*wayn''), hinting to the possibility that this word diffused into all these language families from a common origin. Some Georgian scholars have speculated that Georgian was the origin of this word and that it entered into the Indo-European languages via Semitic.

History

Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest known production of wine, made by fermenting grapes, took place as early as 8,000 years ago in Georgia and 6,100 years ago in Armenia. Other notable areas of wine production have been discovered in Greece and date back to 4500 BC. The same sites also contain the world's earliest evidence of crushed grapes. On January 11, 2011 in one of Armenia's Vayots Dzor province cave was found a wine making press dating to approximately 6,000 years ago. Literary references to wine are abundant in Homer (9th century BC, but possibly composed even earlier), Alkman (7th century BC), and others. In Ancient Egypt, six of 36 wine amphoras were found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief vintner. Five of these amphoras were designated as from the King's personal estate with the sixth listed as from the estate of the royal house of Aten. Traces of wine have also been found in central Asian Xinjiang, dating from the second and first millennia BC.

The first known mentioning of grape-based wines in India was in the late 4th century BC writings of Chanakya who was the chief minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of grape wine known as ''Madhu''.

A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the early years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan contained traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, cannot be ruled out. If these beverages, which seem to be the precursors of rice wine, included grapes rather than other fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grape in China, rather than from ''Vitis vinifera'', which were introduced into China some 6000 years later.

One of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire was the viticulture foundation the Romans laid in the lands that today are world renowned wine regions. Areas with Roman garrison towns, like Bordeaux, Trier, and Colchester, the Romans planted vineyards to supply local needs and limit the cost of long distance trading. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church staunchly supported wine, since they required it for the Mass. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted ''bastardo'' wine.

Grape varieties

Wine is usually made from one or more varieties of the European species ''Vitis vinifera'', such as Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay and Merlot. When one of these varieties is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as a minimum of 75% or 85%), the result is a ''varietal'', as opposed to a ''blended'', wine. Blended wines are not necessarily considered inferior to varietal wines; some of the world's most expensive wines, from regions like Bordeaux and the Rhone Valley, are blended from different grape varieties of the same vintage.

Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from hybrids, created by the genetic crossing of two species. ''Vitis labrusca'' (of which the Concord grape is a cultivar), ''Vitis aestivalis'', ''Vitis rupestris'', ''Vitis rotundifolia'' and ''Vitis riparia'' are native North American grapes usually grown to eat fresh or for grape juice, jam, or jelly, but sometimes made into wine.

Hybridization is different from grafting. Most of the world's vineyards are planted with European ''V. vinifera'' vines that have been grafted onto North American species rootstock. This is common practice because North American grape species are resistant to phylloxera, a root louse that eventually kills the vine. In the late 19th century, most of Europe's vineyards (only excluding some of the driest vineyards in Southern Europe) were devastated by the bug, leading to massive vine deaths and eventual replanting. Grafting is done in every wine-producing country of the world except for Argentina, the Canary Islands and Chile—the only countries not yet exposed to the insect.

In the context of wine production, ''terroir'' is a concept that encompasses the varieties of grapes used, elevation and shape of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, climate and seasonal conditions, and the local yeast cultures. The range of possibilities here can result in great differences between wines, influencing the fermentation, finishing, and aging processes as well. Many wineries use growing and production methods that preserve or accentuate the aroma and taste influences of their unique ''terroir''. However, flavor differences are not desirable for producers of mass-market table wine or other cheaper wines, where consistency is more important. Such producers try to minimize differences in sources of grapes through production techniques such as micro-oxygenation, tannin filtration, cross-flow filtration, thin film evaporation, and spinning cones.

Classification

Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. European wines tend to be classified by region (e.g. Bordeaux, Rioja and Chianti), while non-European wines are most often classified by grape (e.g. Pinot Noir and Merlot). More and more, however, market recognition of particular regions is leading to their increased prominence on non-European wine labels. Examples of non-European recognized locales include Napa Valley in California, Willamette Valley in Oregon, Columbia Valley in Washington, Barossa Valley and Hunter Valley in Australia, Central Valley in Chile, Vale dos Vinhedos in Brazil, Hawke's Bay and Marlborough in New Zealand, Okanagan Valley and Niagara Peninsula in Canada.

Some blended wine names are marketing terms, and the use of these names is governed by trademark law rather than by specific wine laws. For example, Meritage (sounds like "heritage") is generally a Bordeaux-style blend of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, and may also include Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, and Malbec. Commercial use of the term "Meritage" is allowed only via licensing agreements with an organization called the "Meritage Association".

European classifications

France has various appellation systems based on the concept of terroir, with classifications ranging from Vin de Table ("table wine") at the bottom, through Vin de Pays and Appellation d'Origine Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure (AOVDQS) up to Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) or similar, depending on the region. Portugal has something similar and, in fact, pioneered this technique in 1756 with a royal charter that created the "Demarcated Douro Region" and regulated wine production and trade. Germany did likewise in 2002, although their system has not yet achieved the authority of those of the other countries'. Spain, Greece and Italy have classifications based on a dual system of region of origin and product quality.

Beyond Europe

New World wine—wines from outside of the traditional wine growing regions of Europe tend to be classified by grape rather than by ''terroir'' or region of origin, although there have been non-official attempts to classify them by quality.

Vintages

A "vintage wine" is one made from grapes that were all or mostly grown in a particular year, and labeled as such. Most countries allow a vintage wine to include a portion that is not from the labeled vintage. Variations in a wine's character from year to year can include subtle differences in color, palate, nose, body and development. High-quality wines can improve in flavor with age if properly stored. Consequently, it is not uncommon for wine enthusiasts and traders to save bottles of an especially good vintage wine for future consumption.

In the United States, for a wine to be vintage dated and labeled with a country of origin or American Viticultural Area (AVA) (such as "Sonoma Valley"), it must contain at least 95% of its volume from grapes harvested in that year. If a wine is not labeled with a country of origin or AVA the percentage requirement is lowered to 85%.

Vintage wines are generally bottled in a single batch so that each bottle will have a similar taste. Climate can have a big impact on the character of a wine to the extent that different vintages from the same vineyard can vary dramatically in flavor and quality. Thus, vintage wines are produced to be individually characteristic of the vintage and to serve as the flagship wines of the producer. Superior vintages, from reputable producers and regions, will often fetch much higher prices than their average vintages. Some vintage wines, like Brunellos, are only made in better-than-average years.

For consistency, non-vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage, which helps wine makers sustain a reliable market image and maintain sales even in bad years. One recent study suggests that for normal drinkers, vintage year may not be as significant to perceived wine quality as currently thought, although wine connoisseurs continue to place great importance on it.

Tasting

Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up of chemical compounds similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity present in the wine. Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar.

Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such as esters and terpenes that grape juice and wine can contain. Experienced tasters can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape and flavors that result from other factors in wine making. Typical intentional flavor elements in wine are those imparted by aging in oak casks; chocolate, vanilla, or coffee almost always come from the oak and not the grape itself.

Banana flavors (isoamyl acetate) are the product of yeast metabolism, as are spoilage aromas such as sweaty, barnyard, band-aid (4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol), and rotten egg (hydrogen sulfide). Some varietals can also have a mineral flavor due to the presence of water-soluble salts (like limestone).

Wine aroma comes from volatile compounds in the wine that are released into the air. Vaporization of these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass or serving the wine at room temperature. For red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinon and Beaujolais, many people prefer them chilled.

Collecting

Outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of dollars per bottle, though the broader term fine wine covers bottles typically retailing at over about US$30–50. "Investment wines" are considered by some to be ''Veblen goods''—that is, goods for which demand increases instead of decreases as its price rises. The most common wines purchased for investment include those from Bordeaux, Burgundy, cult wines from Europe and elsewhere, and Vintage port. Characteristics of highly collectible wines include:

#A proven track record of holding well over time #A drinking window plateau (i.e., the period for maturity and approachability) that is many years long #A consensus amongst experts as to the quality of the wines #Rigorous production methods at every stage, including grape selection and appropriate barrel-aging

Investment in fine wine has attracted fraudsters who prey on their victims' ignorance of this sector of the wine market. Wine fraudsters often work by charging excessively high prices for off-vintage or lower-status wines from famous wine regions, while claiming that they are offering a sound investment unaffected by economic cycles. Like any investment, proper research is essential before investing.

Production

+Wine production by country 2006	Rank !! Country(with link to wine article) !! Production(tonnes)
!1		5,349,330
!2		4,963,300
!3	Spanish wine	Spain	3,520,870
!4	American wine	United States	2,232,000
!5	Argentine wine	Argentina	1,539,600
!6	Australian wine	Australia	1,410,483
!7	Chinese grape wine	China (People's Republic)	1,400,000
!8	South African wine	South Africa	1,012,980
!9	Chilean wine	Chile	977,087
!10	German wine	Germany	891,600

+Wine production by country 2007	Rank !! Country(with link to wine article) !! Production(tonnes)
!1		4,711,600
!2		4,251,380
!3	Spanish wine	Spain	3,645,000
!4	American wine	United States	2,300,000
!5	Argentine wine	Argentina	1,550,000
!6	Chinese grape wine	China (People's Republic)	1,450,000
!7	South African wine	South Africa	1,050,000
!8	Australian wine	Australia	961,972
!9	German wine	Germany	891,600
!10	Chilean wine	Chile	827,746

Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the equator. The world's southernmost vineyards are in the Central Otago region of New Zealand's South Island near the 45th parallel south, and the northernmost are in Flen, Sweden, just north of the 59th parallel north.

Exporting countries

!colspan=2

+Top ten wine exporting countries in 2006	Rank	Country	1000 tonnes
!1		1,793
!2		1,462
!3	Spanish wine	Spain*	1,337
!4	Australian wine	Australia	762
!5	Chilean wine	Chile*	472
!6	American wine	United States	369
!7	German wine	Germany	316
!8	Argentine wine	Argentina	302
!9	Portuguese wine	Portugal	286
!10	South African wine	South Africa	272
World** || style="text-align:center;"|8,353

* Unofficial figure. ** May include official, semi-official or estimated data.

+ 2006 export market shares	Rank	Country	Market share(% of value in US$)
!1		34.9%
!2		18.0%
!3	Australian wine	Australia	9.3%
!4	Spanish wine	Spain	8.7%
!5	Chilean wine	Chile	4.3%
!6	American wine	United States	3.6%
!7	German wine	Germany	3.5%
!8	Portuguese wine	Portugal	3.0%
!9	South African wine	South Africa	2.4%
!10	New Zealand wine	New Zealand	1.8%

The UK was the world's biggest importer of wine in 2007.

Consumption

Wine consumption data from a list of countries by alcohol consumption measured in liters of pure ethyl alcohol consumed per capita in a given year, according to the most recent data from the World Health Organization. The methodology used by the WHO counted use by persons 15 years of age or older.

+Wine consumption
style="width:140px;"	Country	Liters per capita
	8.14
	6.65
	6.38
	5.80
	5.69
	5.10
	5.10
	4.94
	4.67
	4.62

6.38 8.14 3.92 3.40 3.95 2.29 4.51 4.62 6.65

+Wine vs. beer consumption
style="width:140px;"	Country	Wine (l)	Beer (l)	Wine/beer ratio
	4.18
	|	1.73	3.69
	|	2.31	3.52
	|	1.12	3.50
	|	1.12	3.04
	|	1.33	2.97
	|	0.89	2.57
	|	2.20	2.05
	|	2.49	1.86
	|	3.75	1.77

Uses

Wine is a popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range of European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, from the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated and complex. Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes. Red, white, and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are known as ''light wines'' because they are only 10–14% alcohol-content by volume. Apéritif and dessert wines contain 14–20% alcohol, and are sometimes fortified to make them richer and sweeter.

Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine "breathe" for a couple of hours before serving, while others recommend drinking it immediately. Decanting—the act of pouring a wine into a special container just for breathing—is a controversial subject in wine. In addition to aeration, decanting with a filter allows one to remove bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine. Sediment is more common in older bottles but younger wines usually benefit more from aeration.

During aeration, the exposure of younger wines to air often "relaxes" the flavors and makes them taste smoother and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Older wines generally ''fade'', or lose their character and flavor intensity, with extended aeration. Despite these general rules, breathing does not necessarily benefit all wines. Wine should be tasted as soon as it is opened to determine how long it should be aerated, if at all.

Religious uses

Ancient religions

The use of wine in religious ceremonies is common to many cultures and regions. Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental entheogen to induce a mind-altering state.

Judaism

Wine is an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The ''Kiddush'' is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat or a Jewish holiday. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is a Rabbinic obligation of men and women to drink four cups of wine. In the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. Note that this does not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception that contributes to the myth of the blood libel. The blessing over wine said before consuming the drink is: ''"Baruch atah Hashem ''(Adonai)'' Eloheinu melech ha-olam, boray p’ree hagafen"''—"Praised be the Lord, our God, King of the universe, Creator of the fruit of vine."

Christianity

:

In Christianity, wine is used in a sacred rite called the Eucharist, which originates in the Gospel account of the Last Supper (Gospel of Luke 22:19) that describe Jesus sharing bread and wine with his disciples and commanding them to, "do this in remembrance of me." Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations (see Eucharistic theologies contrasted).

While some Christians consider the use of wine from the grape as essential for validity of the sacrament, many Protestants also allow (or require) unfermented, pasteurized grape juice as a substitute. Wine was used in Eucharistic rites by all Protestant groups until an alternative arose in the late 19th century. Methodist dentist and prohibitionist Thomas Bramwell Welch applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of grape juice. Some Christians who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice, and the substitution spread quickly over much of the United States and to other countries to a lesser degree. There remains an ongoing debate between some American Protestant denominations as to whether wine can and should be used for the Eucharist or allowed as an ordinary beverage.

Islam

Alcoholic beverages, including wine are forbidden under most interpretations of Islamic law. Iran and Afghanistan used to have a thriving wine industry that disappeared after the Islamic Revolution in 1979 and earlier in Afghanistan. However, people of Nuristan in Afghanistan have produced wine since ancient times and still do so. In Greater Persia, ''Mei'' (Persian wine) has been a central theme of poetry for more than a thousand years. Some Alevi sects use wine in their religious services.

Certain exceptions to this rule apply. Alcohol derived from a source other than grape (or its by-product) and date is allowed in ''very small quantities'' (loosely defined as a quantity which does not intoxicate a person) under the Sunni Hanafi madhab, for specific purposes (such as medicines), where the goal is not intoxication, with modern Hanafi scholars regarding alcohol consumption as totally forbidden..

Health effects

Although excessive alcohol consumption has adverse health effects, epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that moderate consumption of alcohol and wine is statistically associated with a decrease in death due to cardiovascular events such as heart failure according to additional news reports on the ''French Paradox''. The French paradox refers to the comparatively lower incidence of coronary heart disease in France despite high levels of saturated fat in the traditional French diet. Some epidemiologists suspect that this difference is due to the higher consumption of wines by the French, but the scientific evidence for this theory is limited. The average moderate wine drinker is more likely to exercise more, to be more health conscious, and to be of a higher educational and socioeconomic class, evidence that the association between moderate wine drinking and health may be related to confounding factors.

Population studies have observed a J curve association between wine consumption and the risk of heart disease. This means that heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, while moderate drinkers (at most two five-ounce servings of wine per day) have a lower risk than non-drinkers. Studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective, although the association is considerably stronger for wine. Also, some studies have found increased health benefits for red wine over white wine, though other studies have found no difference. Red wine contains more polyphenols than white wine, and these are thought to be particularly protective against cardiovascular disease.

A chemical in red wine called resveratrol has been shown to have both cardioprotective and chemoprotective effects in animal studies. Low doses of resveratrol in the diet of middle-aged mice has a widespread influence on the genetic levers of aging and may confer special protection on the heart. Specifically, low doses of resveratrol mimic the effects of what is known as caloric restriction - diets with 20–30 percent fewer calories than a typical diet. Resveratrol is produced naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during fermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it generally contains lower levels of the chemical. Other beneficial compounds in wine include other polyphenols, antioxidants, and flavonoids.

To fully get the benefits of resveratrol in wines, it is recommended to sip slowly when drinking wines. Due to inactivation in the gut and liver, most of the resveratrol in imbibed red wine does not reach the blood circulation. However, when sipping slowly, absorption via the mucous membranes in the mouth can result in up to around 100 times the blood levels of resveratrol.

Red wines from the south of France and from Sardinia in Italy have been found to have the highest levels of ''procyanidins'', which are compounds in grape seeds suspected to be responsible for red wine's heart benefits. Red wines from these areas have between two and four times as much procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called endothelin-1 that constricts blood vessels.

A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti-bacterial agents against strains of ''Streptococcus''. Also, a report in the October 2008 issue of ''Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention'', posits that moderate consumption of red wine may decrease the risk of lung cancer in men.

While evidence from laboratory and epidemiological (observational) studies suggest a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcoholic drinks on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism; the American Heart Association cautions people to "consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."

Wine's effect on the brain is also under study. One study concluded that wine made from the Cabernet Sauvignon grape reduces the risk of Alzheimer's Disease. Another study concluded that among alcoholics, wine damages the hippocampus to a greater degree than other alcoholic beverages.

Sulfites are present in all wines and are formed as a natural product of the fermentation process, and many wine producers add sulfur dioxide in order to help preserve wine. Sulfur dioxide is also added to foods such as dried apricots and orange juice. The level of added sulphites varies, and some wines have been marketed with low sulphite content. Sulphites in wine can cause some people, particularly those with asthma, to have adverse reactions.

A study of women in the United Kingdom, called The Million Women Study, concluded that moderate alcohol consumption can increase the risk of certain cancers, including breast, pharynx and liver cancer. This has led the lead author of the study, Professor Valerie Beral, to assert that there is not enough evidence to conclude that any positive health effects of red wine outweigh the risk of cancer, and is quoted as saying, "It's an absolute myth that red wine is good for you." Professor Roger Corder, author of ''The Red Wine Diet'', counters that two small glasses of a very tannic, procyanadin rich wine would confer a benefit, although "most supermarket wines are low procyanadin and high alcohol."

Packaging

Most wines are sold in glass bottles and are sealed using corks (50% of which come from Portugal). An increasing number of wine producers have been using alternative closures such as screwcaps, or synthetic plastic "corks". In addition to being less expensive, alternative closures prevent cork taint, although they have been blamed for other problems such as excessive reduction.

Some wines are packaged in heavy plastic bags within cardboard boxes, and are called ''box wines'', or cask wine. These wines are typically accessed via a tap on the side of the box. Box wine can stay acceptably fresh for up to a month after opening, while bottled wine oxidizes more rapidly and can degrade considerably in a few days.

Environmental considerations of wine packaging reveal benefits and drawbacks of both bottled and box wines. The glass used to make bottles is a nontoxic naturally-occurring substance that is completely recyclable, whereas the plastics used for box wine containers are typically much less environmentally friendly. However, wine bottle manufacturers have been cited for Clean Air Act violations. A New York Times editorial suggested that box wine, being lighter in package weight, has a reduced carbon footprint from its distribution. Boxed wine plastics, even though possibly recyclable, can be more labor-intensive (and therefore expensive) to process than glass bottles. And, while a wine box is recyclable, its plastic wine bladder most likely is not.

Storage

''Wine cellars'', or ''wine rooms'' if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wine. In an ''active'' wine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate control system. ''Passive'' wine cellars are not climate-controlled, and so must be carefully located. Wine is a natural, perishable food product; when exposed to heat, light, vibration or fluctuations in temperature and humidity, all types of wine, including red, white, sparkling, and fortified, can spoil. When properly stored, wines can maintain their quality and in some cases improve in aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age. Some wine experts contend that the optimal temperature for aging wine is , others . Wine refrigerators offer an alternative to wine cellars. They are available in capacities ranging from small 16-bottle units to furniture pieces that can contain 400 bottles. Wine refrigerators are not ideal for aging, but rather serve to chill wine to the perfect temperature for drinking. These refrigerators keep the humidity low, usually under 50%, which is below the optimal humidity of 50% to 70%. Lower humidity levels can dry corks out over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle and reduce the wine's quality.

+Related professions	!Name	!Description
	Craftsman of wooden barrels and casks. A cooperage is a company that produces such casks.
	An amateur wine maker, or a derogatory term used for small scale operations of recent inception, usually without pedigree and located in Bordeaux
Négociant	A wine merchant, most specifically those who assemble the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells them under their own name
Oenologist	Wine scientist or wine chemist; a student of oenology. A winemaker may be trained as oenologist, but often hires a consultant instead
Sommelier	A restaurant specialist in charge of assembling the wine list, educating the staff about wine, and assisting customers with their wine selections
Terroir specialist	Someone (often a consultant or academic) with special knowledge of the interplay between the environmental factors such as soil, climate and topography—also known as terroir—and wine grape quality or wine character
Vintner, Winemaker	A wine producer; a person who makes wine
Viticulturist

See also

Acids in wine

Aging of wine

Beverage

Conditum Paradoxum, a spiced wine of Ancient Rome

Cork

Fruit wine

Glossary of wine terms

Non-grape based wine

Oak (wine)

Screw cap (wine)

Spritzer

Wine accessory

Wine clubs

Wine Country

Winemaking

References

;Notes

Further reading

External links

''The Guardian'' & ''Observer'' Guide to Wine

The wine anorak by wine writer Jamie Goode

Category:Symbols of Dionysus

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Name	Iron & Wine
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Samuel Beam
Born	July 26, 1974South Carolina, U.S.
Instrument	Vocals, Guitar, Banjo
Genre	FolkFolk rock
Label	Sub PopWarner Bros./4AD
Associated acts	Calexico, Rosie Thomas
Website	www.ironandwine.com }}

Samuel Beam (born July 26, 1974), better known by his stage and recording name Iron & Wine, is an American singer-songwriter. He has released four studio albums, several EPs and singles, as well as a few download-only releases, which include a live album (a recording of his 2005 Bonnaroo performance). He occasionally tours with a full band.

Beam was raised in South Carolina before moving to Virginia and then Florida to attend school. He now resides in Dripping Springs, near Austin, Texas. The name ''Iron & Wine'' is taken from a dietary supplement named "Beef Iron & Wine" that he found in a general store while shooting a film.

Early life

Beam was raised in Chapin, South Carolina, where his father worked in land management and his mother was a schoolteacher. When he was a child, his family took regular trips to the country, where his grandfather ran a farm. He attended Seven Oaks Elementary School, Irmo Middle School, and Chapin High School. While home from college, he was a waiter at California Dreaming restaurant in Columbia. Beam earned a bachelor's degree in art from Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. He specialized in painting. He graduated from the Florida State University Film School with an MFA degree. Before the release of the first Iron & Wine album, Beam's main source of income was as a professor of film and cinematography at the University of Miami and Miami International University of Art & Design. He had been writing songs for over seven years before a friend lent him a four-track recorder. He began making demos and gave one to his friend Michael Bridwell, brother of Band of Horses lead singer, Ben Bridwell. Michael handed it to Mike McGonigal, editor of Yeti magazine, who chose "Dead Man's Will," later released on ''In the Reins'', for inclusion on one of his magazine's compilation CDs. Beam later came to the attention of Sub Pop Records co-owner, Jonathan Poneman, who contacted Beam to propose a deal.

Musical career

Beam released his first Iron & Wine album, ''The Creek Drank the Cradle'', on the Sub Pop label in 2002. Beam wrote, performed, recorded and produced the album in his home studio. Featuring acoustic guitars, banjo, and slide guitar, the album's music has been compared to that of Nick Drake, Simon and Garfunkel, Elliott Smith, Neil Young and John Fahey.

Also in 2002, Beam recorded a cover of The Postal Service's then-unreleased song "Such Great Heights". Rather than being included on an Iron & Wine release, the track was initially included as a b-side of the original version by The Postal Service. It was later included on the B-sides and rarities album, ''Around the Well''. He then followed up on his debut album in 2003 with ''The Sea & The Rhythm'', an EP containing other home-recorded tracks with a similar style to the songs on the debut.

Beam's second full-length album, ''Our Endless Numbered Days'' (2004), was recorded in a professional studio with a significant increase in fidelity. Produced in Chicago by Brian Deck, the focus was still on acoustic material, but the inclusion of other band members gave rise to a slightly different sound. That same year, he recorded the song "The Trapeze Swinger" for the film ''In Good Company'', and had his version of "Such Great Heights" featured in an advertisement for M&M's and in the film and soundtrack for ''Garden State''. This version was later used in a 2006 Ask.com advertisement, and eventually released as a single in 2006 backed with recordings of "The Trapeze Swinger" and "Naked as We Came" made for Radio Vienna.

In February 2005, he released an EP entitled ''Woman King'', which expanded on the sounds of his previous LP, and added electric guitars. Each track featured a spiritual female figure, and had subtle Biblical undertones.

The EP ''In the Reins'', a collaboration with the Arizona-based rock band Calexico, was released in September 2005. Beam wrote all of the EP's songs years earlier, but Calexico added their trademark fusion of southwestern rock, traditional Mexican music and jazz to the songs' arrangements. Several tracks feature brass instruments, a first for Beam's music.

The third full-length Iron & Wine album, entitled ''The Shepherd's Dog'', was released September 25, 2007. This album was voted one of the ten best of 2007 by ''Paste'' magazine. Contributors included Joey Burns and Paul Niehaus of Calexico, as well as jazz musicians Matt Lux and Rob Burger. When asked to describe the album to ''The Independent'', Beam remarked that "it's not a political propaganda record, but it's definitely inspired by political confusion, because I was really taken aback when Bush got reelected."

Beam has released most of his music on iTunes, including several exclusive EPs. The ''Iron & Wine iTunes Exclusive EP'' features unreleased studio recordings, including a Stereolab cover and two tracks which had previously only appeared on vinyl. The ''Live Session (iTunes Exclusive)'' features Beam and his sister, Sarah Beam, performing a number of tracks from his albums, as well as a cover of New Order's "Love Vigilantes". Sarah Beam has contributed backing vocals on many of Beam's studio recordings.

Beam's music has appeared in television series such as ''Grey's Anatomy'', ''The L Word'' and ''House, M.D.''. "Flightless Bird, American Mouth" was used in the film ''Twilight''. The song was specifically chosen for the film's prom scene by Kristen Stewart, the female lead, and appears on the film's soundtrack.

The B-sides and rarities album ''Around the Well'' was released in 2009. Iron & Wine also contributed the song "Stolen Houses (Die)" to the AIDS benefit album ''Dark Was the Night'' produced by the Red Hot Organization.

On November 26, 2010 Iron & Wine released a special edition ''Record Store Day Black Friday'' 12" vinyl and CD single called, ''Walking Far From Home'' for independent record stores.

''Kiss Each Other Clean'', Iron & Wine's fourth full-length album, was released on January 25, 2011 on Warner Bros. Records in North America and 4AD for the rest of the world.

Personal life

Beam, his wife Kim and their five daughters live in Dripping Springs near Austin, Texas.

Discography

Studio, Compilations, Live Albums & EPs

– ''Our Endless Numbered Days'' ''The Shepherd's Dog'' ''Kiss Each Other Clean'' 25 – ''Norfolk 6/20/05 (album) – ''The Sea & The Rhythm'' ''Iron & Wine iTunes Exclusive EP'' ''Woman King'' ''In the Reins'' ''Live Session (iTunes Exclusive) (Iron & Wine EP) ''Live at Lollapalooza 2006: Iron & Wine - EP

Year !! Studio Albums !! Billboard 200	US !! UK !! Notes
2002	''The Creek Drank the Cradle''	|	–	–
2004	|	158	–	–
2007	|	24	74	–
2011	|	2	32	Released January 25, 2011.
Year !! Compilations !! Billboard 200	US !! UK !! Notes
2009	''Around the Well''	|	–	B-sides and rarities compilation
Year !! Live Albums !! Billboard 200	US !! UK !! Notes
2005	''Iron & Wine Live Bonnaroo''	|	–	–
2009	Norfolk'' ||	–	–	Live Album
		Year !! EPs !! Billboard 200	US !! UK !! Notes
2002	Tour EP (Iron & Wine)>Iron & Wine Tour EP''	|	–	–
2003	|	–	–	–
2004	|	–	–	iTunes only
2005	|	128	–	–
2005	|	135	–	Calexico (band)>Calexico
2006	Live Session (iTunes Exclusive)'' ||	–	–	iTunes only
2006	Live at Lollapalooza 2006'' ||	–	–	iTunes only

Singles

"Call Your Boys" b/w "Dearest Forsaken" via Sub Pop Singles Club (CD + Clear 7" Vinyl) (2002)

"No Moon" b/w "Sinning Hands" (Limited 7" Vinyl Bonus with first Pressing of ''Our Endless Numbered Days'') (2004)

"Passing Afternoon" (CD only) (2004)

"The Trapeze Swinger" (iTunes only) (2005)

"Such Great Heights" (UK only CD) (2006)

"Boy with a Coin" (CD + UK only 10" Vinyl) (2007)

"Dark Eyes" (Bob Dylan cover w/ Calexico) (2007)

"Lovesong of the Buzzard" (CD + UK only 10" Vinyl) (2008)

"Flightless Bird, American Mouth" (iTunes only) (2008)

"Walking Far from Home" (2010)

Other contributions

''The O.C. Soundtrack'' (2004) – "The Sea & the Rhythm"

''Garden State Soundtrack'' (2004) – "Such Great Heights"

''Sweetheart: Love Songs'' (2004) – "Ab's Song" (The Marshall Tucker Band cover)

''L Word: Season Two'' soundtrack (2004) – "Naked as We Came"

''Grey's Anatomy: Season Two'' soundtrack (2004) – "Naked as We Came"

''In Good Company'' (2004) – "Naked as We Came," "Sunset Soon Forgotten," "The Trapeze Swinger"

''Fighting in a Sack'' (2004) – "New Slang (Featuring Iron & Wine)[Live]"

''KCRW Sounds Eclectic Volume 3'' (2005) – "Waitin' for a Superman" (Flaming Lips cover)

''I Am a Cold Rock. I Am Dull Grass.'' (2006) – "We All, Us Three, Will Ride"

''I'm Not There'' soundtrack (2007) – "Dark Eyes" (with Calexico)

''The Road Mix'' Volume 3, music from ''One Tree Hill'' (2007) – "He Lays in the Reins" (with Calexico)

''Acoustic 07'' (2007) – "Naked as We Came"

''Numb3rs'' Season 3, Episode 19, "Pandora's Box" (2007) – "Naked as We Came"

''Friday Night Lights'' Season 1, Episode 12 (2007) – "Upward Over the Mountain"

''Friday Night Lights: Original Television Soundtrack'' (2007) – "Dead Man's Will" (with Calexico)

''Twilight'' soundtrack (2008) – "Flightless Bird, American Mouth"

''90210'' Season 1, Episode 18, "Off the Rails" (2008) – "Cinder & Smoke"

''House, M.D.''

* Season 4, Episode 16 (Season Finale, Part 2) Wilson's Heart (2008) – "Passing Afternoon"

* Season 6, Episode 1 (Season Premiere, Part 1) Broken (2009) – "Love Vigilantes" (New Order cover)

''Dark Was the Night'' (2009) – "Stolen Houses (Die)"

''Ugly Betty'' Season 3, Episode 16 (2009) – "Naked as We Came"

''The Mysteries of Pittsburgh'' (2009) – "Naked as We Came"

''Misfits'' Season 1, Episode 6 (2009) – "Such Great Heights"

''The Last Song'' soundtrack (2010) – "Each Coming Night"

References

External links

Official site

Category:American folk guitarists Category:American folk singers Category:American rock guitarists Category:American rock singer-songwriters Category:American male singers Category:Florida State University alumni Category:Musicians from South Carolina Category:Sub Pop artists Category:Living people Category:1974 births Category:People from Lexington County, South Carolina

bs:Iron & Wine da:Iron & Wine de:Iron & Wine es:Iron & Wine fr:Iron & Wine it:Iron & Wine nl:Iron and Wine ja:アイアン・アンド・ワイン no:Iron & Wine nn:Iron & Wine pl:Iron & Wine pt:Iron & Wine ru:Iron & Wine sr:Ајрон енд вајн sv:Iron & Wine uk:Iron & Wine

name	April Wine
landscape	Yes
background	group_or_band
origin	Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
genre	Hard rock
years active	1969–1986, 1992–present
label	Aquarius, MCA, Capitol
website
current members	Myles GoodwynBrian GreenwayBlair MackayRichard Lanthier
past members	Jim HenmanDavid HenmanRitchie HenmanGary MoffetSteve LangSteve SegalCarl DixonJim ClenchJerry MercerBreen LeBoeuf }}

April Wine is a Canadian rock band formed in 1969. According to the band, they chose the name 'April Wine' simply because members thought the two words sounded good together. The band has released more than twenty albums and forge a live performance reputation that still sees them drawing devoted crowds across Canada and around the world more than forty years after taking their first steps into the hard rock spotlight.

The early years

April Wine began in late 1969 in Waverley, Nova Scotia (a suburb of Halifax). The original members were brothers David Henman on guitar and Ritchie Henman on drums. Their cousin Jim Henman joined in on bass, and Myles Goodwyn completed the sound on lead vocals and guitar. In early 1970 the band relocated to Montreal. Shortly after arriving in their new home the band was signed by Aquarius Records. They recorded and released their debut self-titled album ''April Wine'' in 1971. The album spawned their first single, "Fast Train", which received fairly steady airplay on radio stations across Canada and established Myles Goodwyn as the band's main songwriter. The single's success gave the band's label confidence and work began on a second album, but not before a change in the line-up (the first of many over the course of the band's career). Jim Henman left the band in the fall of 1971, and was replaced by Jim Clench.

Mainstream success begins

Under the guidance of producer Ralph Murphy, April Wine recorded their second album, titled ''On Record''. The first single from the album was a cover version of the song "You Could Have Been a Lady", originally by the band Hot Chocolate. The song was a tremendous success, hitting number 1 on radio stations all across Canada, as well as cracking the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States where it stayed for eleven weeks. Following quick on its heels, April Wine released a second single from ''On Record'', titled "Bad Side of the Moon". This song, originally by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, also found success on Canadian radio stations and was a minor hit in the U.S. as well. Both tracks remain staples on classic rock radio stations in Canada to this day. ''On Record'' was certified Gold in Canada and the band and Murphy hit the studio to cash in on the promotional momentum generated by their second release.

During recording of the band's third album, yet another line-up change took place. Before the album's completion, brothers David and Ritchie Henman left April Wine leaving Myles Goodwyn as the only remaining original member. Goodwyn and Clench decided to carry on and began auditions for replacements for the Henmans. Eventually drummer Jerry Mercer (formerly of the Canadian band Mashmakhan) and guitarist Gary Moffet were chosen. The addition of the two new members unified April Wine as a tight, powerful touring band. Together they finished recording the band's third album, entitled ''Electric Jewels''. The album was met with instant favour from the band's fan base. It contained songs such as "Weeping Widow", "Just Like That" and "Lady Run, Lady Hide" which would stay in April Wine's concert set lists for many years. In support of the new album, the band embarked on the Electric Adventure Tour which featured a massive lighting and pyrotechnic show that dazzled fans from coast to coast.

The gold and platinum years

The band hit hard with their fourth release, ''Stand Back''. Riding on the success of the singles "Tonight Is A Wonderful Time To Fall In Love" and "I Wouldn't Want To Lose Your Love", the album went double platinum in Canada. The song "Oowatanite" became a concert favourite and stands as one of the most popular songs the band has ever recorded. Following the supporting tour for ''Stand Back'' the band had yet another change in their line-up. This time, long time member Jim Clench departed and was replaced by Steve Lang. Clench would stay active in music, even doing stints in the legendary rock bands Bachman–Turner Overdrive and Loverboy.

The next release by the band would be titled ''The Whole World's Goin' Crazy''. The album would be the first April Wine release to hit platinum status based on advanced sales orders alone. The album contained the popular title track as well as a successful smash single, the ballad "Like A Lover, Like A Song". Following the supporting tour for ''Crazy'' the band returned to the studio to record their sixth album, ''Forever for Now''. The album would be another platinum seller and contained the band's biggest single to date, "You Won't Dance With Me".

In mid-1977, April Wine was booked to play a charity concert at the famed El Mocambo Club in Toronto, Ontario. Co-headliner on the bill was a band called "The Cockroaches," who turned out to be The Rolling Stones. The pseudonym was a poorly kept secret and huge crowds turned out for the event. April Wine's performance was captured and released as the album ''Live at the El Mocambo''. The band got its first chance at touring the U.S. following the El Mocambo gig, first opening for The Rolling Stones, then for various popular headliners, including Styx and fellow Canadian band Rush.

Another line-up change occurred in 1977, though rather than someone leaving, the band added a fifth member. Brian Greenway was brought in as a third guitarist. Not only could Brian contribute on guitar, he was also an accomplished singer and harmonica player. His addition gave April Wine a powerful three guitar attack that would become synonymous with their hard rock sound. Also, with Brian on board to cover guitar duties, it allowed Myles Goodwyn to switch to keyboards for the band's long list of popular ballads. Incidentally, Brian Greenway's former band, The Dudes, also contained April Wine alumni David and Ritchie Henman.

1979 saw continued Canadian success, and the beginning of international success. The band's seventh album, ''First Glance'', had an immediate impact and the first two singles were both successful on Canadian radio. It was the third single, a raucous rocker called "Roller", that brought the band mass appeal across North America. "Roller" started its momentum in Michigan and soon was a popular hit across the U.S., finding its way into the Billboard Hot 100 where it stayed for eleven weeks. ''First Glance'' also found an audience in the U.S., staying on the Billboard album chart for many weeks, making it April Wine's first gold record outside of Canada. Constant touring helped propel the band to greater success, as American audiences from coast-to-coast embraced the hard rock of this "new" band from Canada.

Following on the popularity of ''First Glance'', a very confident April Wine unleashed its hardest rocking album on Canadian and American audiences. The album was titled ''Harder ... Faster'' and lived up to its name with classic tracks like "Say Hello" and "I Like to Rock". Both were popular hits on both sides of the border and ''Harder ... Faster'' proved to be yet another multi-platinum release for the band. It would stay on the Billboard top album chart for 40 weeks. The supporting tour for the album began as an opening slot for Nazareth on their national tour across the United States. Most promoters across the U.S. were blown away by the pairing of the two veteran bands and most felt that April Wine could easily have carried the tour as headliners. In their first decade, April Wine had gone from national success in Canada to international stardom. While their peak was yet to come, their subsequent fall was to loom soon after.

The 1980s peaks and valleys

April Wine's first decade had seen the band go from Canadian success to international recognition and a hard rock force to be reckoned with. Expectations were high following the success of 1979's ''Harder ... Faster''. ''The Nature of the Beast'' leaped from record stores in January 1981. Fan reaction was phenomenal and sales soared. Riding on the popularity of the smash hit singles "Just Between You and Me" and "Sign of the Gypsy Queen", the album hit multi-platinum success back home in Canada, and was the first April Wine album to reach platinum status internationally as well. The album was an instant classic. Songs like "All Over Town", "Bad Boys", "Future Tense" and "Crash and Burn" were all crowd favourites. April Wine embarked on an exhausting support tour that saw them playing to their largest crowds ever, and filling arenas everywhere they went.

Rather than continuing their ride of popularity and success, April Wine came to an abrupt but temporary halt following the tour to support ''The Nature of the Beast''. Myles Goodwyn, the band's songwriter, producer and promoter, was starting to feel the exhaustion of constant touring and recording. The band took a much needed rest.

After an eighteen-month hiatus, April Wine returned. Refreshed and ready to roll again, the band released their tenth album, titled ''Power Play''. The album contained songs like "Enough is Enough", "If You See Kay" and "Anything You Want, You Got It". The latter would become the band's opening number on the supporting tour, while the "Enough is Enough" video started receiving frequent rotation on MTV. The ''Power Play'' tour in 1982 was to be the largest tour in April Wine's history, complete with a huge stage and a lighting show that fans had come to expect from the band. Fans, hungry to see them after being off the road for two years, flocked to concerts in huge numbers. However, even though it had decent sales, ''Power Play'' was not met with the same critical acclaim their prior two albums had generated. Both the album and its singles charted well on Billboard's lists, but did not have the same staying power that earlier albums and singles had achieved. Despite still being a popular concert draw, the failure (as the band saw it) to match the success of their previous albums was a letdown.

Things would go from bad to worse within the band during the recording of the follow-up to ''Power Play''. The album writing and recording took much longer than any of their earlier albums. During the process a rift started between certain members of the band. At this time, Myles Goodwyn moved himself and his family from his native Canada to the Bahamas, further distancing himself from the rest of the band. April Wine's eleventh album, ''Animal Grace'', started out with a quick rise on the charts, but it fell off just as quickly as it entered. The single "This Could be the Right One" also suffered the same fate. In 1984 the band got together for its announced "Farewell Tour".

The 1984 tour was successful enough to spawn another live album, ''One for the Road''. Goodwyn then began working on what was intended to be his first solo album in 1985. However, April Wine still contractually owed Capitol Records one more album. Greenway joined Goodwyn in Nassau, along with Montreal session musicians Daniel Barbe (keyboards), Jean Pellerin (bass), and Marty Simon (drums, percussion), to record what was supposed to be the band's final album, ''Walking Through Fire''.

In September 1986, the album ''Walking Through Fire'' surfaced under the April Wine moniker. Fans weren't convinced by the name, though, as only Goodwyn and Greenway had returned. The other members had long since taken their leave and gone their separate ways.

Myles Goodwyn and Brian Greenway both released solo albums following the band's break-up. But for the most part things were quiet in the April Wine camp for the remainder of the 1980s and early 1990s.

Rebirth

In 1988 Myles Goodwyn moved back to Canada from his home in the Bahamas. Almost immediately he began to be hounded as to whether there would be an April Wine reunion. Talks started slowly with other members. Some were interested but other commitments were getting in the way. An April Wine reunion was almost written off. But by 1992, April Wine returned to the stage, starting with a sold out concert in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. The band consisted of Goodwyn, Greenway, returning drummer Jerry Mercer and bassist Jim Clench, who hadn't played with the band since 1975. Filling out the act was third guitarist Steve Segal. The band yet again enjoyed cross-border touring success.

In 1993 the band released the first "true" April Wine album in a decade, titled ''Attitude''. It was certified gold in Canada soon after its release. Segal remained with the band through one more studio release, 1994's ''Frigate''. The band would release another album in 2001, entitled ''Back to the Mansion''. Also in 2001, the band's song 'Roller' was featured in the movie 'Joe Dirt'. Then in 2003 they released the live album called ''Greatest Hits Live 2003''. In 2004 Silverline released April Wine's first DVD-A called ''From the Front Row ... Live!''. From 2001 to 2004 their live shows were filled out with the multi-talented Carl Dixon (formerly of the bands Coney Hatch, and The Guess Who) on guitars, keyboards and backing vocals.

April Wine entered into its thirty-seventh year as a band in 2006. On October 31, 2006, Aquarius Records released ''April Wine Rocks!'', a brand new compilation of April Wine favourites, including a bonus live tune. A new album, entitled ''Roughly Speaking'', was released on November 28, 2006.

By the end of 2006, Clench had departed from April Wine for the second time, and was replaced by bassist Breen LeBoeuf in January 2007. A year later, Mercer announced his retirement, and was scheduled to perform his final show with April Wine in Calgary Alberta, ringing in the 2009 new year. Mercer's final scheduled show, however, was cancelled due to bad weather.

In 2010, April Wine was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, with Myles Goodwyn and Brian Greenway accepting. The ceremony was held during the Juno Awards April 18, 2010 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.

On November 3, 2010, former bassist Jim Clench died in a Montreal hospital after a battle with stage 4 lung cancer.

LeBoeuf left April Wine in July 2011 and was replaced by Richard Lanthier from the Yes tribute band called Close to the Edge.

April Wine continues to tour across Canada annually, and also plays festivals in Europe and in the United States, with the group now consisting of Goodwyn, Greenway, Lanthier, and drummer Blair Mackay, who replaced Mercer in January 2009.

Awards

April Wine has never been awarded a Juno, but have been nominated eleven times. Myles Goodwyn was awarded the ECMA (East Coast Music Awards) Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003. April Wine was also inducted into the Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame and awarded with the CMW Lifetime Achievement Award on March 13, 2009. In 2008 they were inducted into the East Coast Music Hall of Fame. On April 18, 2010, they were inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.

Discography

Studio albums

''April Wine'' (1971)

''On Record'' (1972)

''Electric Jewels'' (1973)

''Stand Back'' (1975)

''The Whole World's Goin' Crazy'' (1976)

''Forever for Now'' (1977)

''First Glance'' (1978)

''Harder ... Faster'' (1979)

''The Nature of the Beast'' (1981)

''Power Play'' (1982)

''Animal Grace'' (1984)''

''Walking Through Fire'' (1986)

''Attitude'' (1993)

''Frigate'' (1994)

''Back to the Mansion'' (2001)

''Roughly Speaking'' (2006)

Compilation albums

''Greatest Hits'' (1979)

''Best of April Wine: Rock Ballads'' (1981)

''Review and Preview'' (1981)

''The Hits'' (1987)

''All the Rockers'' (1987)

''We Like to Rock'' (1988)

''The First Decade'' (1989)

''Oowatanite'' (1990)

''The April Wine Collection'' (1992)

''Champions of Rock'' (1996)

''Rock Champions'' (2000)

''Classic Masters'' (2002)

''Best of April Wine'' (2003)

''April Wine Rocks!'' (2006)

''The Hard & Heavy Collection'' (2009)

Live albums

''Live!'' (1974)

''Live at the El Mocambo'' (1977)

''Ladies Man'' EP (1980)

''Monsters of Rock'' (1980)

''One for the Road'' (1985)

''Greatest Hits Live 1997'' (1997)

''I Like to Rock'' (2002)

''Greatest Hits Live 2003'' (2003)

''Live in London'' (audio CD) (2009)

Video and DVDs

''Live in London'' (live concert video) (1981)

''From the Front Row ... Live!'' (DVD-Audio) (2003)

Singles

! Year	! Song	Canadian Singles Chart>CAN	Billboard Hot 100>U.S.	UK Singles Chart>UK
1971	"Fast Train"
	"You Could Have Been a Lady"
"Bad Side of the Moon"
"Drop Your Guns"
	"Lady Run, Lady Hide"
"Weeping Widow"
	"Electric Jewels"
"I'm on Fire for You Baby"
"I Wouldn't Want to Lose Your Love"
	"Tonight is a Wonderful Time to Fall in Love"
"Cum Hear the Band"
"Oowatanite"
	"The Whole World's Goin' Crazy"
"Gimme Love"
"Like a Lover, Like a Song"
	"Forever for Now"
"You Won't Dance With Me"
	"Rock and Roll is a Vicious Game"
"Comin' Down Right on Top of Me"
	"Roller"
"Get Ready for Love"
	"Say Hello"
"I Like to Rock"
"Sign of the Gypsy Queen"
	"Enough is Enough"
1984	"This Could Be the Right One"
	"Rock Myself to Sleep"
"Love Has Remembered Me"
	"If You Believe in Me"
"Here's Lookin' at You Kid"
"That's Love"
"Voice in My Heart"
	Total hits	! 32	! 7	! 2
	Top 40 hits	! 21	! 3	! —

See also

Canadian rock

Music of Canada

References

External links

VH1.com article on April Wine VH1

[ Allmusic Entry] Allmusic

* Category:Musical groups established in 1969 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1986 Category:Musical groups established in 1992 Category:Musical quartets Category:Musical quintets Category:Musical groups from Halifax, Nova Scotia Category:Musical groups from Montreal Category:Canadian hard rock musical groups Category:English-language musical groups from Quebec Category:Anglophone Quebec people Category:Bell Records artists

cs:April Wine de:April Wine es:April Wine fr:April Wine it:April Wine sv:April Wine uk:April Wine

Name	Kendrick Lamar
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Kendrick Lamar
Alias	K. Dot
Birth date	June 17, 1987
Origin	Compton, California, U.S.
Occupation	Rapper
Genre	Hip hop, Conscious hip hop
Years active	2003–present
Label	Top Dawg Entertainment
Associated acts	Black Hippy, Schoolboy Q, Jay Rock, Ab-Soul, J. Cole
Website	Official website }}

Kendrick Lamar (born June 17, 1987) formerly known as K. Dot, is an American rapper from Compton, California. His music is influenced by Tupac Shakur, Nas, Jay-Z, Kanye West and DMX. He is a member of Black Hippy along with Jay Rock, Ab-Soul and Schoolboy Q. In 2009 he released an EP titled ''The Kendrick Lamar EP'', a highly acclaimed mixtape in 2010 titled ''O(verly) D(edicated)'' and released his third solo project ''Section.80'' on July 2, 2011.

In August 2011, Lamar was onstage with Snoop Dogg, Kurupt and Game, the three of them crowned him the "New King of the West Coast"

Biography

Early life and career beginnings

In high school Lamar was a "straight A" student. In 2003 at the age of 16 he released his first mixtape, ''Youngest Head Nigga In Charge'' under the name K. Dot. The mixtape was able to garner enough attention for Lamar to get a record deal with Top Dawg Entertainment. He then released a twenty-six track mixtape two years later titled ''Training Day''. In 2008 Lamar made a cameo appearance on Jay Rock's "All My Life (In the Ghetto)" music video singing when the chorus comes in. After receiving a co-sign from Lil Wayne, he released his third mixtape in 2009 titled ''C4'', heavily themed around ''Tha Carter III'' LP. Soon after he decided to drop his stage name K. Dot and go by his real name. This resulted in him releasing a self-titled EP; ''The Kendrick Lamar EP'' in late 2009.

2010–present: ''O(verly) D(edicated)'' and ''Section.80''

In 2010 he toured with Tech N9ne and Jay Rock on ''The Independent Grind'' tour. On September 23, 2010 he released ''O(verly) D(edicated)'' a highly acclaimed mixtape that included a song titled "Ignorance is Bliss" in which he glorifies gangsta rap and street crime but ends each verse with "ignorance is bliss" giving the message "we know not what we do". It was that song specifically that made legendary hip hop producer Dr. Dre want to work with Lamar. This led to him working with Dre and Snoop Dogg on Dre's ''Detox'' album. He has hinted at signing to Aftermath Entertainment. He and J. Cole plan to release a collaboration mixtape in the future. In January 2011 Lamar said his debut album was 90% finished. He was featured on XXL Magazine's 2011 Freshman cover along with Cyhi Da Prynce, Yelawolf and Big K.R.I.T. among others.

On July 2nd, 2011 Lamar released his third solo project ''Section.80'' to critical acclaim. It included features from GLC, Colin Munroe, Schoolboy Q, Ab-Soul and production from longtime collaborator Sounwave, Wyldfyer, Terrace Martin, J. Cole and more. On the topic of whether ''Section.80'' would be an album or a mixtape Lamar said "I treat every project like it’s an album anyway. It’s not gonna be nothing leftover. I never do nothing like that. These are my leftover songs ya’ll can have ‘em, nah. I’m gonna put my best out. My best effort. I’m tryna look for an album in 2012". The first single for ''Section.80'' was 'the J. Cole produced track "HiiiPower", the concept was to further explain the HiiiPower movement. ''Section.80'' went on to sell over 5000 copies in its first week without any television or radio coverage and received many very positive reviews. In the summer of 2011, Kendrick Lamar appeared on Game's ''The R.E.D. Album'' and Tech N9ne's ''All 6's and 7's'' respectively.

Personal life

Lamar claims he has seen relatives that have died in his dreams for years and on one night in 2010 Tupac Shakur came to him with the message of "Keep doing what you're doing, keep my music alive" this is what he says inspired him to write much of section 80

Discography

Studio albums

''Section.80'' (2011)

EPs

''Kendrick Lamar EP'' (2009)

Mixtapes

''Youngest Head Nigga in Charge(2003)

''Training Day'' (2005)

''C4'' (2009)

''Overly Dedicated'' (2010)

''Untitled'' (with J. Cole) (TBA)

Collaborations

''Black Hippy'' (with Black Hippy)

References

External links

Kendrick Lamar Blog

Category:Living people Category:African American rappers Category:1987 births

name	Eric Burdon
landscape	Yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Eric Victor Burdon
born	May 11, 1941Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
girlfriend	Marianna Proestou
genre	Blues rock, psychedelic rock, rock and roll, heavy metal, hard rock, funk rock, rhythm and blues, jazz fusion
type of singing	Death growling, Baritone
occupation	Musician, songwriter, actor, painter
years active	1960–present
label	SPV, Polydor, Universal, Sony BMG, MGM, One Way, Repertoire Records, Avenue, Rhino, Line, Teldec, Flying Eye, Sanctuary, Columbia, EMI, Decca
associated acts	The Animals, War
website	EricBurdon.com
current members	* Eric Burdon - vocals, percussion Red Young - keyboards, piano, electric piano, hammond b-3 Brannen Temple - drums Billy Watts - guitar Terry Wilson - bass
past members	70s: Bob Morcereau, George Suranovich, John Sterling, Terry Ryan, Kim Kesterson, John Ussery, Aalon Butler, Alvin Taylor, Randy Rice, Snuffy Walden, Greg Brown, John "Rabbit" Bundrick, Robert Ahwai, Mike Carr, Bobby Gien, Dave Dover, Kenny Parry, Terry McCurker, Brian Paris, Leslie Binks, Zoot Money, Hilton Valentine, John Steel, Alexis Korner, Maggie Bell, Jeff Whitehorn, P.P. Arnold, Vicki Brown, Frank Diez, Hans-Jürgen Fritz, Colin Pincott, Steffi Stephan, Bobby Tench, Derek Austin, Lyle Harp, Glenn Peniston, Brian Robertson, Henry McCullough, Chris Stewart, Mick Weaver, Mel Collins, Bernt Schultz, Nippy Noya, Rosa King, Ingeburg Thomsen, Thomas Kretschner, Paul Vincent, Jean-Jaques Kravetz, Bertram Engel and Cepard Cloning. 80s: Jackie Carter, Bernd Gärtig, Reggie Worthy, Nippy Noya, Paul Millns, Louisiana Red, Terry Stannard, Nigel Smith, Snuffy Walden, Ronnie Barron, Bobby Martin, Tony Braunagle, Billy McCubbon, Howard Messer, John Sterling, Pat Couchois, Chris Couchois, Terry Wilson, Rosa King, Red Young, Skip Van Winkle, Don Evans, Dennis Edwards, Zoot Money, Pat Crumly, Robbie Burns, Brian Godding, Mitch Harwood, Steve Grant, Tom Blades, Mal Logan, Jamie Moses, Jamie Glazer, Steve Stroud, Adrian Shepard, Peter Michael, Jimmy Zavala, Brad Silwood, Greg Smith, Andy Giddings, Randy Kerber, John Liotine, Chuck Findley, Nick Lane, Mal Eastwick, Paul Christie and Warren McLean. 90s: Don Kirkpatrick, Paul Crowder, Jimmy Zavala, Robby Krieger, John Sterling, Dave Meros, Jeff Naideau, Brian Auger, Larry Wilkins, Kharma Auger, Richard Reguria, Dean Restum, Mark Craney, Aynsley Dunbar, Neal Morse, Ryo Okumoto and Martin Gerschwitz. 00s: Martin Gerschwitz, Dean Restum, Dave Meros, Aynsley Dunbar, Bernie Pershey, Eric McFadden, Red Young, Paula O'Rourke, Wally Ingram, Tony Braunagle, Hilton Valentine, Billy Watts, Geoffrey Townsend, Steve Conte, Herman Matthews, Bobby Furgo, Steve Murphy, Ed Friedland, Rick Hirsh, Jack Bryant and Georgia Dagaki, Jim Cristie. }}

Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941) is an English singer-songwriter best known as a founding member and vocalist of rock band The Animals, and the funk rock band War and for his aggressive stage performance. He was ranked 57th in ''Rolling Stone'''s list - ''The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time''.

Career

The Animals

Burdon was lead singer of The Animals, formed during 1962 in Newcastle, England. The original band was the Alan Price Combo which formed in 1958. They became the Animals shortly after Burdon joined the band. They combined electric blues with rock and in the USA were one of the leading bands of the British Invasion. Along with The Beatles, The Who, The Rolling Stones, The Dave Clark Five, and The Kinks, the group introduced British music and fashion. Burdon's powerful voice can be heard in The Animals singles "The House of the Rising Sun", "Sky Pilot", "Monterey", "I'm Crying", "Boom Boom", "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", "Bring It On Home to Me", "Baby Let Me Take You Home", "It's My Life", "We Gotta Get out of This Place", "Don't Bring Me Down", and "See See Rider".

By late 1966 the other original members, including keyboardist Alan Price, had left. Burdon and drummer Barry Jenkins reformed the group as ''Eric Burdon and The Animals''. This more psychedelic incarnation featured future Family member John Weider and was sometimes called ''Eric Burdon and the New Animals''. Keyboardist Zoot Money joined during 1968 until they split up in 1969. This group's hits included the ballad "San Franciscan Nights", the grunge–heavy metal-pioneering "When I Was Young", "Monterey", the anti-Vietnam anthem "Sky Pilot" and the progressive cover of "Ring of Fire".

In 1975 the original Animals reunited and recorded an album called ''Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted'', released in 1977 and overlooked due to the dawning of punk. In May 1983 The Animals reunited with their original lineup and the album ''Ark'' was released on 16 June 1983, along with the singles "The Night" and "Love Is For All Time". A world tour followed and the concert at Wembley Arena, London, recorded on 31 December 1983 was released in 1984 as ''Rip It To Shreds''. Their concert at the Royal Oak Theatre in April 1984 was released in 2008 entitled ''Last Live Show''; the band members were augmented by Zoot Money, Nippy Noya, Steve Gregory and Steve Grant. The original Animals broke up for the last time at the end of 1984.

Although the band Burdon formed in the late '60s was sometimes called ''Eric Burdon and The New Animals,'' it wasn't until 1998 that the name ''Eric Burdon and The New Animals'' was officially adopted. The 1998 band had bassist Dave Meros, guitarist Dean Restum , drummer Aynsley Dunbar and keyboard guitarist Neal Morse. They recorded ''Live At The Coach House'' on 17 October 1998, released on video and DVD in December that year. In 1999 they released ''The Official Live Bootleg #2'' and in August 2000 ''The Official Live Bootleg 2000'', with Martin Gerschwitz on keyboards.

In June 2003, he formed another ''Eric Burdon and The Animals'', with keyboardist Martin Gerschwitz, bassist Dave Meros, guitarist Dean Restum, and drummer Bernie Pershey. They disbanded in 2005. During 2008 Burdon toured again as ''Eric Burdon and The Animals'' with a variable lineup of backing musicians.

On 13 December 2008, Burdon lost a three-year legal battle to win the name "The Animals" in the UK. Drummer John Steel now owns the rights in the UK only. Burdon still tours as Eric Burdon and the Animals, but is prevented from using the name "The Animals" in England while the case is under appeal. Steel was a member in its heyday and left before the band split in 1966. Steel later played in various reunion versions of the band with Burdon.

War

During 1969, while living in San Francisco, Burdon joined forces with Californian funk rock band War. The resulting album was entitled ''Eric Burdon Declares "War"'' which produced the singles "Spill the Wine" and "Tobacco Road". A two-disc set entitled ''The Black-Man's Burdon'', was released later in September 1970. The singles from the double album, "Paint It, Black" and "They Can't Take Away Our Music", had moderate success during 1971. During this time Burdon collapsed on the stage during a concert, caused by an asthma attack, and War continued the tour without him.

In 1976 a compilation album, ''Love Is All Around'', was released by ABC Records which had recordings of Eric Burdon with War and a live version of "Paint it Black" and a jam session called "A Day In The Life".

Eric Burdon and War were reunited for the first time in 37 years, to perform a concert at the Royal Albert Hall London on 21 April 2008. The concert coincided with a major reissue campaign by Rhino Records (UK), who released all the War albums including ''Eric Burdon Declares "War"'' and ''The Black-Man's Burdon''.

Solo career

Burdon began a solo career in 1971 with The Eric Burdon Band, continuing with a hard rock–heavy metal–funk style. In August 1971 he recorded the album ''Guilty!'' which featured the blues shouter Jimmy Witherspoon, and also Ike White of the San Quentin Prison Band. In 1973 the band performed at the Reading Festival and in 1974 they travelled to New York. At the end of 1974 the band released the album ''Sun Secrets'' and this was followed by the album ''Stop'' in 1975. Burdon moved to Germany in 1977 and recorded the album ''Survivor'' with a lineup including guitarist Alexis Korner and keyboardist Zoot Money; the album also had a line-up of four guitarists and three keyboard players and is known for its interesting album cover, which depicts Burdon screaming.

In May 1978 he recorded the album ''Darkness Darkness'' at the Roundwood House in County Laois, Ireland, using Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio and featuring guitarist and vocalist Bobby Tench from The Jeff Beck Group, who had left Streetwalkers a few months before. The album was eventually released in 1980. During January 1979 Burdon changed his band for a tour taking in Hamburg, Germany and the Netherlands.

On 28 August 1982 "The Eric Burdon Band" including Red Young (keyboards) performed at the Rockpalast Open Air Concert in Lorelei, Germany. Following this Burdon toured heavily with his solo project from March 1984 to March 1985, taking in UK, Spain, Germany, Sweden, Canada and Australia. In 1986 Burdon published his autobiography entitled ''I Used To Be An Animal, But I'm Alright Now''.

In March 1979 he played a concert in Cologne and changed the band's name to "Eric Burdon's Fire Department", whose lineup included backing vocalist Jackie Carter of Silver Convention, Bertram Engel of Udo Lindenberg's "Panik Orchester" and Jean-Jaques Kravetz. In mid 1980 they recorded the album ''The Last Drive''. "Eric Burdon's Fire Department" toured Europe with this lineup and Paul Millins and Louisiana Red made special appearances in Spain and Italy. By December 1980 the band had broken up.

In April 1981, Christine Buschmann began to film ''Comeback'' with Burdon as the star. They created a new "Eric Burdon Band" whose lineup included Louisiana Red, Tony Braunagle, John Sterling and Snuffy Walden. This band recorded live tracks in Los Angeles. They also recorded in Berlin with another lineup, the only remaining member being John Sterling. In September 1981 the final scenes of ''Comeback'' were shot in the Berlin Metropole and Burdon and his band continued to tour through Australia and North America. A studio album titled ''Comeback'' was released in 1982. The 1983 album ''Power Company'' also included songs recorded during the ''Comeback'' project.

In 1988 he put together a band with 15 musicians including Andrew Giddings - keyboards, Steve Stroud - bass, Adrian Sheppard - drums, Jamie Moses - guitar and four backing vocalists to record the album ''I Used To Be An Animal'' in Malibu, in the United States. In 1990 Eric Burdon's cover version of "Sixteen Tons" was used for the film ''Joe Versus the Volcano''. The song, which played at the beginning of the film, was also released as a single. He also recorded the singles "We Gotta Get out of this Place" with Katrina & The Waves and "No Man's Land" with Tony Carey and Anne Haigis. Later in 1990 he had a small lineup of an ''Eric Burdon Band'' featuring Jimmy Zavala (sax and harmonica), Dave Meros(bass), Jeff Naideau (keyboards), Thom Mooney (drums) and John Sterling (guitar) before he began a tour with The Doors guitarist Robbie Krieger and they appeared at a concert from Ventura Beach, California, which was released as a DVD on 20 June 2008.

On 13 April 2004 he released a "comeback" album, ''My Secret Life'', which was his first album with new recordings for 16 years. When John Lee Hooker died in 2001, Burdon had written the song "Can't Kill the Boogieman" the co-writers of the songs, on the album, were Tony Braunagel and Marcelo Nova. In 2005 they released a live album, ''Athens Traffic Live'', with special DVD bonus material and a bonus studio track and disbanded in November 2005. He began a short touring as "The Blues Knights".

On 27 January 2006 he released his blues–R&B album ''Soul of a Man''. This album was dedicated to Ray Charles and John Lee Hooker. The cover of the album was a picture, which was sent to Burdon a few years before. Burdon then formed a new band, with the following members: Red Young (keyboards), Paula O'Rourke (bass), Eric McFadden (guitar) and Wally Ingram (drums). They also performed at the Lugano Festival and in 2007 he toured as the headlining act of the "Hippiefest" lineup, produced and hosted by Country Joe McDonald.

Other associations

In 1991, Burdon and Brian Auger formed the "Eric Burdon – Brian Auger Band" with the following lineup: Eric Burdon – vocals, Brian Auger – keyboards, vocals, Dave Meros – bass, vocals, Don Kirkpatrick – guitar, vocals, and Paul Crowder – drums, vocals. By 1992, Larry Wilkins replaced Kirkpatrick and Karma Auger (Brian's son) replaced Crowder and in 1993 they added Richard Reguria (percussion). The live album ''Access All Areas'' was then released. In 1994 the "Eric Burdon – Brian Auger Band" disbanded. Burdon then formed the "Eric Burdon's i Band". The lineup included Larry Wilkins, Dean Restum (guitar), Dave Meros (bass) and Mark Craney (drums).

In 1995, Burdon made a guest appearance with Bon Jovi, singing "It's My Life"/"We Gotta Get out of This Place" medley at the Hall of Fame. He also released the album ''Lost Within The Halls Of Fame'', with past tracks and re-recordings of some songs from ''I Used To Be An Animal''. In October 1996, Aynsley Dunbar replaced Craney on drums. ''The Official Live Bootleg'' was recorded in 1997 and in May that year Larry Wilkins died of cancer. He also released the compilations ''Soldier Of Fortune'' and ''I'm Ready'' which featured recordings from the 1970s and 1980s.

In 2000 he recorded the song "Power to the People" together with Ringo Starr and Billy Preston for the motion picture ''Steal This Movie!''. On 11 May 2001, The Animals were inducted into the Rock Walk Of Fame on Burdon's 60th birthday. On 3 March 2002, the live album ''Live in Seattle'' was recorded. Ex-War member Lee Oskar made a guest appearance on the album. In 2003 he made a guest appearance on the album ''Joyous in the City of Fools'' by the Greek rock band Pyx Lax, singing lead vocal on "Someone Wrote 'Save me' On a Wall".

In 2001, his second critically acclaimed memoir, "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood," written with author/filmmaker J. Marshall Craig, was released in the U.S., followed by editions in Greece, Germany and Australia.

On 7 June 2008 Burdon performed at the memorial service of Bo Diddley in Gainesville, Florida. During July and August 2008, Burdon appeared as the headline act of the "Hippiefest". He also recorded the single "For What It's Worth" with Carl Carlton and Max Buskohl.

On 12 November 2008 ''Rolling Stone'' ranked Eric Burdon #57 on the list of the 100 Greatest Singers of all Time. On 22 January 2009 he first performed with his new band, including keyboardist Red Young, guitarist Rick Hirsch, bass player Jack Bryant and drummer Ed Friedland. For a few months he was sick and did not perform except in the United States. On 26 June, he began his European tour. The band includes Red Young (keyboards), Billy Watts (guitar), Terry Wilson (bass), Brannen Temple (drums) and Georgia Dagaki (cretan lyra). On 7 August the tour ended.

Influence

The sound of The Animals influenced many Britpop, alternative rock and power pop groups, and his voice has been highly respected by many people such as Jim Morrison, Robert Plant, Tom Petty, David Johansen, Joe Cocker and Dan Zanes.

Iggy Pop and Bruce Springsteen voted for Burdon in the poll of ''Rolling Stone'''s list of the Top One Hundred best singers.

Brian Jones called him "The best blues singer to ever come out of England."

Alan Price has called him "The best singer in a white band."

Film career

Burdon wanted to act in the movie ''Blowup'' (1966). Director Michelangelo Antonioni wanted to use him as a musician in a club scene. Burdon turned the role down, because he had acted in movies before, where he sang songs. He disbanded The Animals and went to California where he met Jim Morrison and came to the realisation that his real inspiration was acting.

Later, he turned down major roles in ''Zabriskie Point'' and ''Performance'' (both 1970).

In 1973 he formed The Eric Burdon Band and recorded the soundtrack for his own film project, ''Mirage''. He spent much money to make this film, produced as a motion picture for Atlantic. The film and the soundtrack were to be released in July 1974, but somehow they never were. The soundtrack was released in 2008.

In 1979 he acted in the TV movie ''The 11th Victim''. Then in the German motion picture ''Gibbi - Westgermany'' (1980). In 1982 he starred in another German motion picture, ''Comeback'', again as a singer.

In 1991 he had a cameo appearance in ''The Doors''.

In 1998 he acted as himself in the Greek movie ''My Brother and I'', followed by a bigger role in the German motion picture ''Snow on New Year's Eve'' (1999).

In the following years he was credited in many documentaries and in an independent movie called ''Fabulous Shiksa in Distress'' (2003), along with Ned Romero and Ted Markland.

In 2007 he performed the traditional "Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child" in the drama festival film ''The Blue Hour'' and in a documentary about , where Burdon lives, called ''Nowhere Now'' (2008).

Discography

Filmography

1964: ''Get Yourself a College Girl''

1964: ''Whole Lotta Shakin'''

1965: ''Pop Gear''

1965: ''The Dangerous Christmas of Red Riding Hood''

1967: ''World Of The Animals''

1967: ''The War'' (short)

1967: ''It's a Bikini World''

1967: ''Tonite Let's Make All Love in London''

1968: ''All My Loving''

1968: ''Monterey Pop''

1973: ''Mirage'' (never filmed)

1979: ''11th Victim''

1980: ''Gibbi'' (West German)

1982: ''Comeback''

1991: ''The Doors''

1999: ''Snow on New Year's Eve''

2001: ''Plaster Caster''

2001: ''Screamin' Jay Hawkins: I Put a Spell on Me''

2003: ''Fabulous Shiksa In Distress''

2003: ''Yes, You Can Go Home''

2007: ''The Blue Hour''

2008: ''Nowhere Now: The Ballad of Joshua Tree''

2010: ''Remembering Nigel''

Festivals

1965: The Richmond Jazz Festival

1967: The Windsor Jazz Festival of the Flower Power Children

1967: Monterey Pop Festival

1968: Newport Pop Festival '68

1969: Newport Pop Festival '69

1994: Sziget

2000: Moondance Jam

2004: Arrow Rock Festival

2005: San Sebastian Jazz Festival

2006: Lugano Jazz Festival

2008: Hippiefest

2009: Maryport Blues Festival

2010: Montreal Jazz Festival

2010: Ribfest

2010: Satsop River Rock

2010: Legenda Rocka

Notes

Further reading

Burdon, Eric. ''I Used to Be an Animal, but I'm All Right Now''. Faber and Faber, 1986. ISBN 0-571-13492-0.

Burdon, Eric (with J. Marshall Craig). ''Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood: A Memoir''. Thunder's Mouth Press, 2001. ISBN 1-56025-330-4.

External links

Eric Burdon website

Eric Burdon Eric Burdon Interview from 2009

Category:1941 births Category:The Animals members Category:English baritones Category:Blue-eyed soul singers Category:English blues singers Category:English heavy metal singers Category:English male singers Category:English rhythm and blues singers Category:English rock singers Category:English soul singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:Living people Category:People from Newcastle upon Tyne Category:Rhythm and blues singers Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:The Party Boys members Category:War (band) members

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